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IV: Proper names, adjectives and verbs. A relation is not a class of couplesTuple ¤ò»È¤¦¤È¡¢¥¢¥ê¥¹¥È¥ì¥¹ÏÀÍý³Ø¤Î Categorical proposition ¤À¤±¤Ç¡¢RDB¤¢¤ë¤¤¤Ï Datalog ¤ÎÊýË¡¤ò»È¤¦¤È¡¢½Ò¸ìÏÀÍý¤ÎÏÀÍý¼°¤ò¥·¥ß¥å¥ì¡¼¥È¤Ç¤¤ë¤¬¡¢ But this derivation (¾å¤Ç¥·¥ß¥å¥ì¡¼¥·¥ç¥ó¤ÈÆɤó¤Ç¤¤¤ë¤â¤Î¡Ëfails, as Russell points out, because the selected ¤È¤¤¤¦¡¢Skidelsky ¡ÈErnst Cassirer¡É 2008, p.60 ¤Îµ½Ò¤Ï¡¢Russell, The principles of mathematics, Chap. 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¡Ö¥²¡¼¥Ç¥ë¤È¿ô³Ø¤Î¶áÂå¡×¤Ë´ØÏ¢¤·¤Æ¡¢Mind&Nature, KindleÈÇ¡¢¥³¥í¥ó¥Ó¥¢Â磲£°£°Ç¯º×¤Î¥Ñ¥é¥°¥é¥Õ£±£·¤¬ÌÌÇò¤¤¡£ Last but not least, I have seen our ideas about the foundations of mathematics undergo a profound change in my lifetime. Russell, Brouwer, Hilbert, Gödel. I grew up a stern Cantorian dogmatist. Of Russell I had hardly heard when I broke away from Cantor¡Çs paradise; trained in a classical gymnasium, I could read Greek but not English.9 During a short vacation spent with Brouwer, I fell under the spell of his personality and ideas and became an apostle of his intuitionism. Then followed Hilbert¡Çs heroic attempt, through a consistent formalization ¡Èdie Grundlagenfragen einfürallemal aus der Welt zu schaffen¡É [to answer the fundamental questions of the world once and for all], and then Gödel¡Çs great discoveries. Move and countermove. No final solution is in sight. ¥Õ¥©¥ó¡¦¥Î¥¤¥Þ¥ó¤Î¡ÖÊÑ¿´¤Î·ÏÉè¡×¤ÈʹԤ·¤Æ¡¢¤³¤ì¤â»È¤¦¤³¤È¡£ ¾¤ÎÌÌÇò¤¤ÅÀ¤òµÏ¿¡§
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Helmholtz: Science and Epistemology ¤Ç¡¢Helmholtz Íý²ò¤Î¤¿¤á¤Î¡ÖÁ°ºÂ¡×¤È¤·¤Æ½Ð¤Æ¤¯¤ë¡£°·¤¤¤Ï¥«¥Ã¥·¡¼¥é¡¢¥Ï¥ê¥ó¥È¥ó¤ÈƱ¤¸¤Ç¡¢¼«¿È¤ÎÀ¸Íý³ØŪ¸¦µæ¤ÎÀ®¸ù¤Ë¤è¤ê¡¢ÊªÍý¼çµÁ¡¢ÎϳؼçµÁŪÀ¤³¦´Ñ¤òÀ¸Íý³Ø¤ÎÀ¤³¦¤Þ¤Ç¤Ë¹¤²¤ë¤ÈµÕ¤Ë¤Ç¤Æ¤¤Æ¤·¤Þ¤¦ÉÔ²ÄÃÎÏÀ¤À¡¢¤È¤¤¤¦Íý²ò¡£¸Â³¦ÏÀ¤Ï¸Â³¦ÏÀ¤Ê¤Î¤À¤¬¡¢Î©¤Á»ß¤Þ¤ë¤¿¤á¤Î¸Â³¦ÏÀ¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯¡¢¤à¤·¤í¡¢¹Ìî¤òÌÔÁ³¤È¿Ê¤ß¤Ä¤Ä¡¢±ó¤¤¾Íè¤Ë¤·¤«Åþã¤Ç¤¤Ê¤¤¤Û¤É¤Ë±ó¤¤ÃÏÊ¿Àþ¤ÎÈàÊý¤Ë¸Â³¦¤ò¸«¤ëΩ¾ì¡£Â¸µ¤ÎÊ¿¸¶¤Ç¤Ï¡¢¼«¿È¤ÎÌÜÁ°¤Ç¤Ï¡¢¤½¤ì¤³¤½¼ê¤Ë;¤ë¤Û¤É¤Î¿·Ã諤¬¹¤¬¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤Î¤Ç¡¢¸Â³¦¤òò¤¤¤Æ¤¤¤ë²Ë¤¬¤Ê¤¤¡£¤½¤¦¤¤¤¦°ÕÌ£¤Ç¤Î¸Â³¦¡£¤À¤«¤é¡¢¤½¤ì¤ò¥Ï¥ê¥ó¥È¥ó¤Ï¡ÖÐþËý¡×¤È¸Æ¤ó¤À¤ï¤±¤À¡£ Maurice Mandelbaum¤Ë¤è¤ì¤Ð¡¢Du-Bois Reymond ¤Ï¡¢¤³¤Î¸Â³¦¤ò¸Â³¦¤Î¤Þ¤Þ¤È¤·¤ÆÊüÃÖ¤·¤¿¤¬¥Ø¥ë¥à¥Û¥ë¥Ä¤ä¥¹¥Ú¥ó¥µ¡¼¤Ï¡¢¤½¤ÎÌäÂê¤ò¹Í»¡¤·¤¿¤È¤¤¤¦¡£¼«Ê¬¼«¿È¤ä¸½¼Â¤Î²Ê³Ø¤Ë¤È¤Ã¤Æ¤Ï¡¢¤Þ¤Ã¤¿¤¯¸Â³¦¤Ç¤Ê¤¤¤Î¤À¤«¤é¡¢Du-Bois Reymond ¤Ë¤È¤Ã¤Æ¡¢¤½¤ì¤ËɬÍװʾå¤ËΩ¤ÁÆþ¤ëɬÍפϤʤ«¤Ã¤¿¤Î¤À¤í¤¦¡£Helmholtz ¤¬ Hilbert, Du-Bois Reymond ¤¬Bourbaki¤Ê¤É¤Î¼çή¿ô³Ø¼Ô¤ËÂбþ¤¹¤ë¡£ ¤½¤ì¤Ë´ØÏ¢¤·¤Æ¡¢¥²¡¼¥Ç¥ë¤ÎÎò»Ë´ÑÏÀʸ¤Î°ìÀá¤ò×Ç×ʤȤµ¤»¤ëʸ¾Ï¤¬¡¢Maurice_Mandelbaum¡¡¤Ë¤¢¤Ã¤¿¡£¥²¡¼¥Ç¥ë¤Ï¸½Âå¤Î¼«Á³²Ê³Ø¤¬º¸·¹²½¤·¥Ë¥Ò¥ê¥º¥à¤Ë´Ù¤ê¡¢À¤³¦¤ÎËܼÁ¤òõ¤ë³ØÌ䤫¤é¡¢ÆþÎϤ«¤é½ÐÎϤòͽÁÛ¤¹¤ë¤¿¤á¤ÎÊýË¡¤Î³ØÌä¤Ë¡ÖÂĤ·¤Æ¡×¤¤¤ë¤È¤·¡¢¤·¤«¤·¡¢¤½¤ì¤Ï¡¢£Ô£Ö¤ä atomic bomb ¤òºî¤ì¤ë¤Û¤É¤Ë¥×¥é¥¯¥Æ¥£¥«¥ë¤Ë¤ÏÍ¥¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¢¤È½ñ¤¤¤¿¡£ ¤½¤ì¤ËÂбþ¤·¤Æ¡¢Maurice Mandelbaum¡¡p.292 ¤Ë¡¢Thus we cannot know the world as it exists independently of how it appears within our experience; all that we can say of such a world is that all events in it are in principle predictable on the basis of a single set of absolutely uniform laws, the laws of theoretical mechanics. ¤È¤¤¤¦Ê¸¾Ï¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£¤³¤ì¤Ï¡¢Du-Bois Reymond ¤Î ignorabimus ¤Î¼çÄ¥¤ÎÆó¤Ä¤ÎÆâ¤ÎÆóÈÖÌܤȤ·¤ÆÀâÌÀ¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£ ¥²¡¼¥Ç¥ë¤Ï¡¢Zilsel¹ÖµÁ¤Ç Hilbert ¤Î Über das Unendlich ¤Ç¤Î̵̷½âÀ¾ÚÌÀ¤Î°ÕÌ£¤ÎÀâÌÀ¤ò¡¢¤Û¤È¤ó¤É¡¢¤½¤Î¤Þ¤Þ¡Ê´§»ì¤Î°ì¤Ä¤¬¡¢ÊÒÊý¤Ç¤ÏAkkusativ ¤Ç¾Êý¤Ç¤Ï Dativ¡Ë¤Ë°úÍѤ·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£TV ¤ä atomic bomb ¤È¤¤¤¦1960ǯÂå¤ò¾Ýħ¤¹¤ë¤â¤Î¤¬¤Ç¤Æ¤¯¤ë¤Î¤Ç¡¢¥²¡¼¥Ç¥ë¤ÎµÄÏÀ¤ÏÈàÆȼ«¤Îʸ¾Ï¤Ç½ñ¤«¤ì¤¿¤È»×¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤¿¤Î¤À¤¬¡Ê¤â¤Á¤í¤ó¡¢ÆâÍƤϾ¯¤Ê¤¯¤È¤â¥Ë¡¼¥Á¥§¤Ë¤Þ¤ÇÁ̤뤬¡Ë¡¢¥²¡¼¥Ç¥ë¤Ï¡¢Du Bois-Reymond ¤Î Rede ¤òºÆ¸½¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë²ÄǽÀ¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£Du Bois-Reymond ¤Î¥É¥¤¥Ä¸ì¤ò¸«¤Ä¤±¤ÆÈæ³Ó¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¡£¹¬¤¤¡¢¥²¡¼¥Ç¥ë¤Îʸ¾Ï¤â¥É¥¤¥Ä¸ì¤Ç½ñ¤«¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£ 2014ǯ6·î24Æü(²ÐÍËÆü)Emil du Bois-Reymond ¤ÎÅÁµEmil du Bois-Reymond¡¡¤ÎÅÁµ¤¬ºòǯ½ÐÈǤµ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤¿¤³¤È¤Ëµ¤¤¬ÉÕ¤ºòÆüÃíʸ¡£¥Ï¡¼¥É¥«¥Ð¡¼ÈǤ¬¡¢¤â¤¦º£ÆüÂç³Ø¤ËÆϤ¤¤Æ¤¤¤¿¡£ Anne Harrington ¤Ï¡¢Ignoramus et Ignorabimus ¤ò¡¢ÊªÍýËüǽ¼çµÁ¡¢µ¡³£ÏÀŪÀ¤³¦´Ñ¤Ë´ð¤Å¤¯ÐþËý¤È¤·¤ÆÍý²ò¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤è¤¦¤À¤¬¡ÊʪÍý³Ø¡¢²½³Ø¤Ê¤É¤Î19À¤µªÅª¼«Á³²Ê³Ø¤Ç¸ì¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë¤³¤È°Ê³°¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¢²Ê³Ø¼Ô¤Ï¸ì¤ë¤Ù¤¤Ç¤Ê¤¤¤È¤¤¤¦°Õ¸«¤À¤È¤¤¤¦Íý²ò¡Ë¡¢¥Ó¥¹¥Þ¥ë¥¯¤È¥í¡¼¥Þ¥ó¡¦¥«¥½¥ê¥Ã¥¯¤È¤Î´Ö¤Î Kulturkampf ¤òÇطʤȤ¹¤ë¤â¤Î¤À¤È¤¤¤¦²ò¼á¤Þ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤é¤·¤¤¡£¤³¤Î»þÂå¤é¤·¤¤¡¢²Ê³Ø¤ÎÂçÀ¯¼£²È¤Îȯ¸À¤À¤«¤é¡¢Ê£¹çŪ¤Ê¤â¤Î¤«¡© Harrington ¤Î²ò¼á¤Ï¡¢¤ª¤½¤é¤¯¡¢¤³¤Î¥Ú¡¼¥¸¤Ë°úÍѤµ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë Cassirer ¤Î Determinismus und Indeterminismus in der Modernen Physik 1937 ¤Î²ò¼á¤ÈƱÍͤÀ¤í¤¦¡£Emil du Bois-Reymond¡¡¤Î²Ê³ØŪ¡¦¼Ò²ñŪÇطʤò¹Í¤¨¤ì¤Ð¡¢Cassirer, Harrington ¤Î²ò¼á¤¬¼«Á³¤À¡£Cassirer ¤Îʸ¾Ï¤Î¡¢Accordingly the demand for ¡Èexplanation¡É not only cannot be fulfilled here - strictly speaking it cannot even be raised: ignorabimus is the only answer that science can give to the question of the essence and origin of consciousness.¡¡¤È¤¤¤¦¥Õ¥ì¡¼¥º¤¬ÌÌÇò¤¤¡£¤³¤Î²ò¼á¤Ï Wittgenstein ¤Î Wovon man nicht sprechen kann, darüber muss man schweigen. ¤Î°Õ¿Þ¤Îů³Ø¤ò²Ê³Ø¤ËÃÖ¤´¹¤¨¤¿¤â¤Î¤Ë¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£ Tractatus logico-philosophicus¡¡¤Ï1921ǯ´©¡£¤³¤ì¤¬Âè°ì¼¡À¤³¦ÂçÀï¤ÎÀï¾ì¤Ç½ñ¤«¤ì¤¿¤Î¤ÏÍ̾¤ÊÏᣰìÊý¡¢Cassirer ¤Î Determinismus und ¡Ä. ¤Ï 1937¡£ Cassirer ¤Î¼¡¤Î¥Õ¥ì¡¼¥º¤¬ÌÌÇò¤¤¡§ Of course the attempt was made to escape from the radical consequences he had drawn. There was no ready surrender to the apodictic dogmatic conclusion of du Bois-Reymond¡Çs speech. But there seemed to be no doubt that here an important and pertinent problem had been raised with which epistemology and science had to wrestle using every power at their disposal. Even the neo-Kantian movement, which began in the early seventies almost at the time of du Bois-Reymond¡Çs speech, did not at first alter the situation substantially. 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Êä¾ðÊó¥á¥â£±¡§¥Ò¥ë¥Ù¥ë¥È¡¦¥¯¥é¥¤¥ó½ñ´Ê½¸¡¢¥¯¥é¥¤¥ó¡¦¥´¥ë¥À¥ó¤Î¥¯¥é¥¤¥ó¡¦¥¢¡¼¥«¥¤¥Ö¤Î½ñ´Ê¤Ë¤è¤ì¤Ð¡¢¥¯¥é¥¤¥ó¤Ï¡¢¥´¥ë¥À¥ó¤Ë¥Ò¥ë¥Ù¥ë¥È¤ÎÏÀʸ¤Ø¤Î°Õ¸«¤òʹ¤¡¢¤½¤ì¤ËÂФ·¥´¥ë¥À¥ó¤Ï·ë²Ì¤Ï¹â¤¯É¾²Á¤·¤Ê¤¬¤é¡¢¾ÚÌÀË¡¤ËÈÝÄêŪ¤Ê°Õ¸«¤ò½ñ¤¡¢¤½¤ì¤Ë¥Ò¥ë¥Ù¥ë¥È¤¬¶¯¤¯È¿±þ¤·¤Æ¥¯¥é¥¤¥ó¤Ë¼ê»æ¤ò½ñ¤¤¤¿¤Î¤¬3·î3Æü¡£¤½¤·¤Æ¡¢4·î£±4Æü¤Ë¥¯¥é¥¤¥ó¤¬¥Ò¥ë¥Ù¥ë¥È¤Ë¼ê»æ¤òÁ÷¤ê¡¢Gordan ist jezt 8 Tage bei mir gewesen und wir haben viel mit einender verhandelt. Ich muss Ihnen doch mittheilen, dass er ganz anders ueber Ihre Arbeiten denkt, als dies nach dem an mich gerichteten Brief scheinen konnte¡Ä. ¤È¤¤¤¦¡¢¤³¤Î»þ¤Þ¤Ç¤Ë¡¢Gordan ¤Î°Õ¸«¤¬Â礤¯ÊѤï¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤³¤È¤ò¼¨º¶¤¹¤ë¡¢¤·¤«¤â¡¢¤½¤ÎÁ°ÃÖ¤¤Ç haben viel mit einander verhandelt ¤È½ñ¤¤¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤³¤È¡¢¤·¤«¤â¡¢8Æü¤â¤¹¤Ç¤ËÂںߤ·¤¿¸å¤Ç¶Ë¤¯Ã»¤¤½ñ´Ê¤¬Á÷¤é¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤³¤È¤ò¹Í¤¨¤ë¤È¡¢¥¯¥é¥¤¥ó¤¬¥´¥ë¥À¥ó¤òÀâÆÀ¤·¤Æ¡¢¤½¤ì¤Ç°Õ¸«¤¬ÊѤï¤Ã¤¿²ÄǽÀ¤â¹â¤½¤¦¤À¡£ McLarty¤Î´Ö°ã¤¤¤ò¾ÚÌÀ¤¹¤ë¤¿¤á¤Ë¹Ô¤Ã¤¿Ä´ºº¤Î¤ª°þ¤Ç¹Í¤¨¤¿¤³¤È¡§ ¤³¤ì¤Ï¥¯¥í¥Í¥Ã¥«¡¼¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¡¢¥¨¥É¥ï¡¼¥º¤¬¼çÄ¥¤·¤¿¤³¤È¤À¤¬¡¢¥´¥ë¥À¥ó¤Îµ¤»ý¤Á¤Î°¤µ¤Ï¡¢¤³¤¦¤¤¤¦¿ô³Ø¤Î¡Ö¥»¥ó¥¹¡×¤ÎÌäÂê¤Ç¤¢¤Ã¤¿²ÄǽÀ¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤«¡©¥´¥ë¥À¥ó¤Ï¡¢¥Ò¥ë¥Ù¥ë¥È¤ÎºÇ½é¤Î2ÊÑ¿ô¤Î¾ì¹ç¤Î¾ÚÌÀ¤Î¡¢Âå¿ô³Ø¤Î´ðËÜÄêÍý¤ò·ù¤Ã¤¿·ÁÀפ¬¤Ê¤¤¡£¤Þ¤¿¡¢¥¯¥é¥¤¥ó¤ÎEntwicklung¡Ä Sibentes Kapital, S.307-8 ¤Ë¡¢.. suchte nun Gordan in die Riemannschen Theorien einzu dringen. Diese Gedankenwelt war aber doch nicht fuer ihn geschaffen. 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Auflage. 1920. Mach,Ernst: Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung. ¤È¤â¤ËÌÜÏ¿p.206¡£¤É¤Á¤é¤âµþÅԤˤϤʤ¤¡£ ¤½¤Î¤½¤Ð¤Ë¥Ý¥¢¥ó¥«¥ì¤Î¥É¥¤¥Ä¸ì¤ÎËÜ¡¢Die neue Mechanik, 1920. 2012ǯ2·î11Æü(ÅÚÍËÆü)Voigt ½ñ¤¹þ¤ß¡§A ¤¬²óžVoigt, Elementare Mechanik als Einleitung in das Studium der theoretischen Physik, µþÂçÅÄÊÕʸ¸Ë¡¢ÅÄÊÕ||42||26 Die Vectoren V_1 und V_2 unterschieiden sich nach dem Gesagten ¤½¤Î±¦¤Î½ñ¤¹þ¤ß Vektor B ¸Ä¤Ç¤¢¤ë¼ÁÅÀ E ¤È¼ï¤Ç¤¢¤ë±¿Æ° B ¤òÎà¤Ç¤¢¤ë²óžÊý¸þ¤¬Ç޲𤹤롩¡©¡©¡© ¸ÅŵÎϳؤÎÊÛ¾ÚË¡¡¢Á´½¸12, pp.70-71 ¡Ê¶õ´Ö¤«¤é»þ´Ö¤òÏÀ¤¸¤¿¸å¡¢È¾Ì̤ˤÏÈ¿ÂФˡ¢¤È¤·¤Æ¡¢»þ´Ö¤«¤é¶õ´Ö¤Ø¤òÏÀ¤º¤ë¡£¸Ä¤«¤éÁ´¤Ø¡Ë Á´¤¬¸Ä¤Ë±÷¤¤¤Æ¸½¤ì¤ë¡£½ñ¤¹þ¤ß¡¢¤ä¤Ï¤êÀï¸å¤«¡© 2012ǯ2·î4Æü(ÅÚÍËÆü)Hertz ¤ÎÎϳؤؤÎÅÄÊդνñ¤¹þ¤ßµþÂçʸ¡¢ÅÄÊÕʸ¸Ë¡¢µ®½Å½ñ¡¢42, 25, Bd.3 Die Prinzip der Mechanik¡Ä ¤ÎÄ´ºº¡£ ¤³¤ì¤ò¥¡¼¤Ë¡¢Â¿ÍÍÂΤÎů³Ø¤¬¡¢ÅÄÊÕů³Ø¤ò¸í²ò¤·¡¢¡ÖÈÝÄê¡×¤µ¤¨¤¹¤ë 2012ǯ2·î3Æü(¶âÍËÆü)Mach, Kirchhoff, HertzÅÄÊÕÁ´½¸12, ¸ÅŵÎϳؤÎÊÛ¾ÚË¡¡£¤Á¤«¤é³µÇ°¤¬¡Ö¹çÍýŪ¡×¤Ç¤Ê¤¤¤È¤Î½é´ü¤Î°Õ¸«¤È¤·¤Æ¡¢Mach, Kirchhoff, ¤½¤·¤Æ¡¢Hertz. 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